‘Describe and Evaluate Carl Jung’s Theory Concerning Personality Types Essay

Introduction In this quiz I aim to demonstrate an fellow olfaction of Jungs constitution guinea pigs by describing and evaluating his guess and to show how they might office of goods and servicesful in serviceing a healer to mend therapeutic guideencys. I get come forward similarly look at or so of the criticisms levelled at Jungs speculation. Carl Gustav Jung, (26 July 1875 6 June 1961), was a Swiss psychologist and psychiatrist, and the founder of uninflected mental science. His father was a Pastor, and he had an isolated puerility, becoming rattling(prenominal) intr bothplaceted, it suck inms he had a schizoid spirit.Although Freud was elusive with analytical psychology and fermented with patients with hysterical neuroses Jung, however, utilisati geniusd with psychotic straits patients in hospital. He was struck by the oecumenical symbols (or Arche discloses) in their delusions and h in completelyucinations (ref. Dennis br haveed and Jonathan Re dder (1989) p. 107). His achievement and influence extends look beyond moderateness reputation, and he is con positionred to be oneness of the greatest thinkers to commit theorised most life and how masses relate to it.Carl Jung was among m whatever great psycheisedity theorists who drew inspiration and guidance from the antique models the sames of astrology and the foursome Temperaments. For hundreds of geezerhood at that place has been some physique of typology to chasten and cat self-importancerise unlike(prenominal)s attitudes and conduct, e. g. Astrology. oriental astrologers invented the sure-enough(a)est form of typology believing is that on that point is a soulfulnessality trait that is relevant to separately(prenominal) sign and that a souls character/ constitution give the axe be classified in term of the divisors sack water air and e deviceh.Those under ardour had a fiery character and check temperament and fate, and so forth The anci ent Hellenics believed in the quartette temperaments / quaternion humours, which feces be traced back to Ancient Greek treat and philosophy (400BC), especially in the browse of Hippocrates the Father of Medicine) and in Platos ideas about character and genius. It was believed that in tell a collapse to maintain health, hatful needed an raze balance of the quaternity body fluids blood, phlegm, discolor bile, and black bile.These quadruple body fluids were cogitate to trustworthy organs and illnesses and as well represented the Four Temperaments or Four Humours of personality. The Greek physician Galen (AD 130-200) later introduced the smell of four basic temperaments reflecting the humors the sanguine, buoyant causa the phlegmatic, waterlogged type the choleric, quick-tempered type and the melancholic, demoralise type. Galen likewise classified drugs in legal injury of their estimated effects on the four humors.He thus created a self-opinionated guide or sel ecting drugs, which although scientifi abusey anomalous were the foundation st one and only(a) of treating psychological and psychiatrical illnesses. Carl Jung approached personality and psychological types ( in any case referred to as Jungs psychological types) from a perspective of clinical psychodepth psychology. He was one of the few psychologists in the twentieth nose candy to maintain that nurture extends beyond childhood and adolescence finished and with mid-life and into old age. He foc employ on establishing and growing a relationship between sensible and un informed fulfiles.Jung believed that Page 2 there was a dialogue between the conscious and unconscious intelligence(p) mind and without it the unconscious processes can separate and even jeopardise the personality and this is seen in one of his key impressions of man-to-manism. He believed that individuation is a life long process of personal widenment that involves establishing a lodge between the self and the self, which could be brought to its highest realisation if ca-caed with and the unconscious was confronted. (Stevens 1999) Jung, like Freud, referred to the ego when describing the more(prenominal)(prenominal) conscious aspect of personality.Unlike Freud he did non seek to minimise the unconscious side of the personality, however instead gave it tally status, complimentary to that of the conscious. He referred to the integrated personality as self- splendour the centre of the tot psyche, including both the conscious and the unconscious. The Self accepts all of a persons qualities and potentials whether or non they blend app bent at a especial(a) stage of life. The goal of therapy is to guide the thickening to become a whole a forgiving macrocosm as personal circumstances will allow.It was out of Jungs confrontation with the unconscious, both in himself and in his patients, that he slow elaborated his psychology. In his 1921 snip, Personality Types, Ju ng comp bed his four despatchice staffs (as shown infra) of personality to the four points on a grind. While a person faces one direction, he or she still uses the early(a) points as a guide. Most plenty keep one function as the dominant one although some mountain whitethorn let two over a lifetime. It is scarcely the person who achieves self-realization that has completely developed all four functions.His book also acted as the image by which Jung well-tried to render how he differed from Freud and Adler, but more importantly, could begin to graph the internal humans of concourse. Jungs Four Psychological Functions atomic number 18 as follows logical Functions ? forecast (process of cognitive thought) ? flavor (function of immanent judgment or valuation) enabling decisiveness making Ir demythologized Functions ? esthesis (perception victimisation the physical sense organs ? information (receptivity to unconscious contents) providing the information on which to s uck up judgments.Jung held a deep appreciation of seminal life and considered spirituality a central part of the human journey. There is a whole belles-lettres relating Jungian psychology and spirituality, principally from a Christian perspective. This literature includes writings by Kelsey (1974,1982) and by Sanford (1968, 1981). Caprio and Hedbergs (1986) Coming Home A handbook for Exploring the Sanctuary Within is a unimaginative guide for spiritual work in the Christian tradition. It contains striking personal stories, gauzy illustrations, and useful exercises.(Frager & Fadiman 2005) Jungs description of personality states that in mark to Page 3 identify a psychological type it is required to set apart whether a person is oriented primarily toward his home(a) creative activity (introversion) or toward external reality (extraversion), cognise as the fundamental attitude of the individual to emphasise its importance. Jungs eight personality types argon as follows ? e xtraversive Thinking Jung theorized that mess look the beingness by a mix of concrete ideas and get up ones, but the abstract concepts ar ones passed downward(a) from former(a) spate.Extroverted thinkers are oftentimestimes found working in the question sciences and mathematics. draw in Thinking These individuals interpret stimuli in the purlieu through a natural and creative stylus. The interpretations are informed by internal knowledge and understanding. Philosophers and theoretical scientists are often introverted view-oriented slew. Extroverted tinge These people judge the prise of things ground on objective concomitant. Comfort open in social federal agencys, they form their opinions base on socially accepted values and volume t each(prenominal)ings.They are often found working in business and politics. Introverted Feeling These people stool judgments based on congenital ideas and on internally realised article of beliefs. Oftentimes they igno re prevailing attitudes and presume social norms of thinking. Introverted view people thrive in careers as art critics. Extroverted Sensing These people embrace the creative activity as it really exists. Their perceptions are not colored by every pre-existing beliefs. Jobs that require objective review, like wine tasters and proofreaders, are surmount modify by extroverted spotting people.Introverted Sensing These individuals interpret the world through the lens of in meliorate attitudes and ra rely see something for only what it is. They make sense of the environment by giving it meaning based on internal reflection. Introverted sensing people often turn to various arts, including portrait painting and classical music. Extroverted Intuitive These people prefer to understand the meanings of things through subliminally coverd objective fact rather than incoming sensory information.They rely on hunches and often dis reckon what they perceive directly from their senses. Inve ntors that come upon their invention via a stroke of insight and some apparitional reformers are characterized by the forthcominged spontaneous type. Introverted Intuitive These individuals, Jung thought, are deep influenced by their internal motivations even though they do not completely understand them. They harness meaning through unconscious, subjective ideas about the world. Introverted intuitive people comprise a significant tidy sum of mysticals, surrealistic artists, and religious fanatics.They are mystic dreamers, concerned with possibilities rather than what is currently present. rarely understood by others. Repress sensing. Jung exposit himself as an introverted intuitor. Introverts are people who prefer their internal world of thoughts, feelings, fantasies, dreams, and so on, while extroverts prefer the external world of things and people and activities. Page 4 at present the words have become overturned with ideas like shyness and sociability, partially beca use introverts tend to be shy and extroverts tend to be sociable. provided Jung intended for them to refer more to whether you (ego) more often confront toward the persona and outer(prenominal) reality, or toward the incorporated unconscious and its archetypes. In that sense, the introvert is some more mature than the extrovert. Our culture, of course, values the extrovert much more. Jung warned that we all tend to value our own type most, (Boeree 1996) a thought which is particularly useful to therapists today as it is important not to allow personal feelings to begin place when working with lymph glands. some(prenominal) introvert and extravert overvalue their strengths and severally tends to undervalue the other. To the extravert, the introvert seems egotistical and dull, and to the introvert, the extravert appears superficial and insincere (Fordham, 1966). Jung believed that a person remained an extravert or introvert without tilt for the whole of his life, and that hered ity determines whether the libido is directed self-whispered or outward. Whether a person is an introvert or extrovert they need to deal with both their inner and outer world. And each has their preferred look ofdealing with it, ship canal which they are comfortable with and good at. This hypothesised stability of the introversion-extroversion trait is consistent with empirical explore using Non-Jungian measures of introversion and extraversion. (Cloniger 2000) Jung suggested a nexus between each of the attitudes and certain(prenominal) psychoneurotic disorders which will be discussed later. We now find the introvert-extravert dimension in several theories, notably Hans Eysencks. In Eysencks (1982) view people are biosocial animals and that psychology stands at the hamlet of biological sciences and social sciences.He states that psychology must become more of a true science with methodology in all that the therapist does in order to permit personality theorists to make predi ctions that can be tested and therefore make possible the development of the causal theory of personality, which he believes will inevitably help the therapist with invitees presenting problems. Jung compared the conscious part of the psyche (ego) to an island that rises out of the sea. We notice only the part above the water, even though there is a greater landmass below the water much like an iceberg, the unconscious lies below (Fordam1953).The personal unconscious is a reservoir of experience unique to each individual consisting of perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories that have been put to one side or subdue but not invariably covered by sea and therefore can be reclaimed. Whereas the personal unconscious is unique to every individual, the incarnate unconscious is shared or transpersonal and consists of certain potentialities that we all share because of our human nature, because we all live in groups and in some form of society or family life.He believed that the co llective unconscious did not develop individually but was catchingal and consisted of pre-existent forms, the archetypes. An archetype is a universal thought form or sensibility to respond to the world in certain slip focus and is crucial to Jungs concept of the collective unconscious because it emphasises potentialities in which we whitethorn express our humanness. He believed that they appeared to us in dreams, art, ritual, myths and symptoms.Eysenck believed that from a point of view of science, Jungs contribution to the study of personality types had been primarily negative as he permitted mystical notions to override empirical data and seek to go beyond descriptive analysis to the causal analysis of personality. A person is not usually defined by only one of the eight personality types. Instead, the different functions exist in a hierarchy. One function will have a superior effect and another(prenominal) will have a collateral effect.Usually, according to Jung, a person o nly makes significant use Page 5 of two functions. The other two take deficient positions. Jung believed that it was not sufficient to have just one of the above-mentioned functions to be a well-rounded personality and be able to face lifes experiences. Jung described two of the four functions as rational and two as incoherent also he used the terms judging/perceiving. Thinking can story for logic and judging. Our likes/dislikes are a feeling function.These two functions are cognise as rational as they use our reflecting ability. Sensation and intuition are cognize as irrational functions because it is what is seen in the external world ( angiotensin converting enzyme) and inner world (intuition). In practice, the appurtenance function is always one whose nature, rational or irrational, is different from the primary function. For instance, feeling cannot be the secondary function when thinking is dominant, and vice versa, because both are rational and judging functions (Daryl Sharp. 1989. p.19) One of the four functions whitethorn be developed more, and this would be known as a primary or superior function, whilst the others whitethorn be classed as humble.What this means is that a primary function is one which a person uses more, whilst perhaps, other functions are not used so much (inferior) and these might contribute to a person feeling unable to fill in with a situation in which an inferior function is needed to be active. Jung declare that the four orienting functions do not contain everything in the conscious psyche. leave rotter power and memory, for instance, are not included.The reason for this is that they are not typological determinants-though naturally they may be moveed by the way one functions typologically thinking is always go with by an inferiority of feeling, and differentiated sensation is injurious to intuition and vice versa (ref. Daryl Sharp. 1987. p. 15) Jung used the term libido to define what he meant by extrovert and i ntrovert, it was not meant in a sexual way, like Freud, but as a term for energy. Introversion, writes Jung, is normally characterized by a hesitant, reflective, retiring nature that keeps itself to itself, shrinks from objects and is always slightly on the defensive.Conversely, extraversion is normally characterized by an outgoing, candid, and accommodating nature that adapts easily to a given situation, speedily form attachments, and, setting aside some(prenominal) possible misgivings, will often sham forth with careless confidence into unidentified situations. (ref. Daryl Sharp1987. p. 13). The balance between the two can be disturbed either way, on the one side, extreme withdrawal, introversion or even psychosis, cuts a person off from external reality. On the other side, as well extroverted or constricted personalities may be cut off from subjective feelings or inner reality (Ref.Dennis Brown & Jonathan Redder 1989p. 81).Jung acknowledged that it is sometimes troublesome t o work out what personality type some people belong to, he stated, It is often very vexed to find out whether a person belongs to one type or the other, especially in regard to oneself (ref Jung. Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 99) People flip their way of behaviour in different circumstances, because this is the way they bid to be perceived, to be accepted by others. Jung referred to this as a persona (or a mask) where a person relays to others, someone they are not, seemingly to conform to others expectations of them.This is also known as the primitive side of the personality The persona Page 6 forms in early childhood, when a child forms in his mind what is acceptable to his parents, teachers etc. If it is repressed this is what Jung referred to as the apparition. If the dominate is not allowed to surface, it will grow bigger. Jung believed that by veneer up to your shadow, it may enable you to change it. The shadow may emerge in times of extreme anger/dreams. Jung believed that t he shadow is essential as it allows an individual to view the world.We are each born with a natural balance. If our natural balance is disorder due to repression or conditioning so our minds will in some way seek to restore the balance which Jung truism as the power of the unconscious rise as the return of the repressed . The ego emerges out of the self in childhood. It is your individuality, who you are, your own ego appertaining just to you, the centre of consciousness. As you go into adulthood there may be trouble between the ego and self, as the individuals attitude change.Affirmation of the Self liberates its creative energies and brings certain knowledge that the best life is the life lived sub silver fraternisation (ref.. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 157). Jung seemed to place a mickle of emphasis on the Self. I suppose this is because it is the Self, which he believed, will ultimately suppose change in behaviour. He was one of the few psychologists in the twentieth centur y to maintain that development extends beyond childhood and adolescence through mid-life into old age. (ref. Anthony Stevens 2001. p. 38)..Jung disagreed with Freud on his views on sexuality i.e. the Oedipus complex. Jung preferred to call this complex a love aspect, of a mother/child and not a sexual one/incest, as Freud believed to be the case. Jung and Freud both agreed though, that unconscious thoughts (dreams) were the way to personal insight of the individual. after his parting with Freud, overtly because of disagreement about the importance of sexuality, but perhaps also over father-son rivalries, Jung again withdrew into what Heisenberg (1970) calls a creative illness during which he too conducted a self analysis (ref Dennis Brown and Jonathan Redder (1989) p. 107).But he did not use innocent association, but provoked unconscious imagery which he wrote down, drew his dreams, prolonging stories which he told himself. This is how he became involved in analytical psychology. H e spent long periods at his lakeside retreat, alternating between his inner world/ outer world. Freud, looked back into a clients childhood, whereas Jung looked to the future more and did not put much importance into the past, more in what can be achieved, the goals to aim for.. the hope.. of change. The unconscious mind of a man, Jung believed, contained a female element (anima), and a womans a male element (animus).These he believed to be linked to erotic desires, on what the individual finds attractive in the opposite sex. some other belief Jung held, is that if a person reacts very strongly to his anima/animus it may snuff it to homosexuality. This is what he believed, not which has been proven to be true.Page 7 Jungs theories, I believe to be useful in therapy, because if you can assess an individuals personality, you can drive to make the therapy more applicable to their type which Jung viewed as their uniqueness as an individual, the wholeness. He did not hide behind a cli ent like Freud,preferring to use a face to face method, where the client and the therapist are equal he also used personal work on dreams, a variety of ways to try and promote growth in the client, to look to the future.His views on mental illness gave some hope to a diseased person as he believed that within the psychosis see there is a personality concealed, with hopes, desires etc. he tried to understand them through interpretation. Jung saw mental illness as a flaw, as inferior, but tried to help the individual face this inferior side and approach his extroverted side to achieve wholeness.On the whole, Jungs typology is best used in the way that one would use a compass all typological possibilities are theoretically easy to the Self, but it is useful to be able to establish those co-ordinates that one is using to map ones course through life. Jung accepted that this course is neer intractably fixed it may be at any time be subject to alteration. Viewed in this light, awarene ss of ones psychological type is not a backwardness but liberation, for it can open up new navigational possibilities in life, the humankind of which one might otherwise never have discovered (ref.Anthony Stevens. 2001. p. 101)Jung possessed his critics, in the main Freudian, after his split with Freud in particular his Archetypes theories focusing on Jungs belief that the origins of archetypes (and their basis in the collective unconscious) outmatch to the individual, in that they reflect on inherited or universal essence. The critique also examines a related notion of Jungs, that the collective unconscious unites us with the world about us in an immediate clairvoyant or synchronization sense. These notions of Jungs are found to be seriously flawed.In spite of this, the critique suggests that Jungs belief in the genetic basis of certain unconscious content holds some promise. With this in mind, suggestions are made concerning needed adaptation in Jungs theory and concerning the kind of evidence required for its support. (ref. Journey of humanitarian Psychology, Spring 1996. Vol 36 no. 261. 91. p. 223-242. some other criticism with regards to Jung is he does not stab into childhood experience in note to Freud and psychoanalysis and some psychologists find his theories difficult and drawn out.Also his theory does cede a moderate amount of explore and 2) Neither possible to verify or falsify. (ref. HttpYahoo. com. Page 8 Conclusion In order to efficiently help a client and to determine therapeutic goals it is necessary to establish whether a person is primarily orientated toward their inner (introversion) or outer world (extraversion) and next to assess which are the dominant and auxillary psychological functions of the client. Jung said that people connect ideas, feelings, experiences and information by way of associations in the unconscious in such a way as to affect their behavior.He identified these groupings as Complexes. He believed that the y may be organised around a particular person or object and the therapist may use this knowledge to bring to the forefront of the clients consciousness a situation which they may be finding difficult to extricate from. The therapeutic goal of Jungian therapy is to help the client resolve sick of(p) aspects of their personality which present in a number of differing ways of psychological disturbance.Examples include extreme negativity, addictions, degrees of paranoia, sudden religious conversion, in appropriate attachments to unsuitable partners, hysteria, mania, depression, hypochondrias or schizoid personality traits as Jung himself had as a boy. By understanding his theory and how each type may present the therapist can help them unlock the shadow sides of their personality. It is a process in which the client is helped to come to terms with the place of self within their own world and also to help them see that they are part of a greater collective unconscious. a good deal of Ju ngs work was about the interconnection of all people and cultures. Today more than ever as we seek to become one world Jungs work with eastern as well as western religions and cultures seems more and more appropriate. The work of Hans Eysenck through empirical studies a cocker the world has shown that personality types exist in all cultures and therefore concludes that there is a genetic component to personality types.Such cross cultural unanimity would be incredible if biological factors did not play a predominant part (Eysenck,1990) But like Jung he believed that environmental factors probably determine how much an individual will develop to their full potential. The use of appropriate estimation techniques can be invaluable in helping a therapist to develop the untapped potential within the individual and is so doing contribute to the collective lethargy and synchronicity of the planet as a whole.